Multi-objective optimization model for planning metro-based underground logistics system network: Nanjing case study

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>Utilizing rail transit system for collaborative passenger-and-freight transport is a sustainable option to conquer urban congestion. This study proposes effective modeling and optimization techniques planning city-wide metro-based underground logistics (M-ULS) network. Firstly, novel metro prototype integrating retrofitted stations newly-built capsule pipelines designed support automated inbound delivery from gateways in-city destinations. Based on four indicators (i.e. unity of freight flows, regional accessibility, environmental cost-saving, order priority), an entropy-based fuzzy TOPSIS evaluation model proposed select appropriate origin-destination flows transport. Then, mixed integer programming model, with well-matched solution framework combining multi-objective PSO algorithm A* algorithm, are developed optimize the location-allocation-routing (LAR) decisions M-ULS Finally, real-world simulation based Nanjing case conducted validation. The best facility configurations flow assignments three-tier network reported in details. Results confirm that has good ability providing high-quality Pareto-optimal LAR decisions. Moreover, project shows strong economic feasibility while bringing millions Yuan annual external benefit society environment.</p>